I stumbled across this YT video and found it interesting. It features Tom Roster, a shotgun ballistics expert.

I'm certified to teach an advanced wingshooting course for the WI DNR. We refer exclusively to Tom Rosters shot tables.
He scientifically shot hundreds of duck with different firearms and different chokes while using a range finder. Then his harvested duck where biopsied for percent hit.
His shot tables and the use of a patterning board changed the steel shot manufactuerer I now shoot.

JW

Steel simply cannot hold a candle to the loads like Hevishot. The Hevishot simply is denser and retains it energy far down range
and effectively and cleanly takes the birds

With offerings like HeviShot Hevi X and Hevi Bismuth there is no reason to use steel.
These premium shells offer so much more versatility and knock down power at
extended ranges. They are so much easier to cleanly take a duck or goose