Here's a wrench for the works, grab a Lyman reloading manual read why ballistians get gray. That will shed even more gray light. You've chosen only a single bullet weight to illistraight a point. Using that method 1 could illistraight that a 30-06 carries more energy than a 458 WM if you only compared 165s I'm sure its true,beyond 100 yards.
Standard loads in a 38 are 125,158 at 18,000 psi, 9mm's are 115,124/5,147 at 35,000 psi. The 9mm burns faster powders than the 38 for a longer sustained peak. You said yourself in rifles over 18" the 38 gets the edge, slower powder longer peak. Heavier bullet same speed more energy. Step up to the heavier bullets and you will find that the 9mm is just about peaked out for energy return around 130gr the 38 is just getting started but actually peaks at about 150grs.
This discussion is kind of like " of course I'd rather be in a Corvette than an F150 but where do you put the deer and the tent?".
You've also compared carbines to revolvers and pistols. My carbine demonstrates a 400fps gain over my 6" revolver in nearly every load tried,more in some. The original discourse was 9mm vs 38 in personal defense w/comparable guns and loads,using rifle data doesn't support that,nor does +p examples.
The 38 and 9mm w/in their primes are so close it doesn't matter, the real decision is 5,6,8,10,13,15 or 20 . If I missed a capacity forgive me.
I've a 9mm bed side and a 38 in the cash stash and a 357 in the kitchen so no prejudiced.