Johnny...As mentioned, the short answer is 70-100grs in .45-.50 or .54 calibers is plenty...Remember the 45-70, seems I remember it was a pretty good buffalo killer...

Longer answer...I'm a bit of a hiistory buff, I read everything I can get my hands on about American History, especially the pre-1840 period...
I have never found in first hand accounts the method of covering the ball with powder...It is my belief that this method came about some time after what most of us consider the muzzleloading period to be over...We must remember, much of the day to day use of a muzzleloader was lost to history...Those guys used them every day so there was no need to write down the method, kinda like making fire with a flint and steel, those guys could do that before they were 10 years old...

I've read several articles on early hunting pouches with the fixed powder horns still attached, none of these had more than a 60gr measure on them...
Jim Bridgers rifel and hunting pouch have survived, his measure measures 50grs...Now is is possible that he used 2 full measures for deer, etc...

Lewis and Clark carried their powder in lead containers when they went on their expedition in 1803...The lead canisters weighed twice as much as the powder that was in them, suggesting they used about half the weight of their patched round balls...Using this method...A .490 ball weighs 177grs so the charge would be about 88 grs...A .530 ball weighs about 224 grs, so the charge would be 112 grs...

When I made my .54 I started with 120grs of FF powder, used this for several years...I ended up moving down to 100grs of FF and currently use 80grs of FFF...Back in the 70s, I shot a .45 with a round ball and used 75grs of FFF...All of these loads killed deer and shot flat...