Really?I didn't think anything should be growing under a closed canopy.My,how your story changes as you spin around in circles.

Let me get this strait.So you're admitting that in a northern hardwoods forest(approx 40% of Pa's land mass)there should be a mid level understory comprised of shade tolerant species.You know being that maple is a significant part of a northern hardwoods forest composition?Thanks for finally admitting that no understory except a blanket of ferns is not a normal situation for a healthy forest and healthy habitat.