I did a quick search on simple ballistics for some of these rounds and the only thing that comes really close is the .500 cartridges. They throw a similar bullet at velocities equal to an inline muzzle loader. As far as the normal options like a .357 or .44 mag in a carbine the inline muzzle loader or sabot slug gun would be better in the performance department. They can throw a bullet the same caliber or bigger that is heavier (almost twice in some cases) at higher velocities.
This is from the winchester catalog on their website.
44 mag rifle ballistics with a 240 grn Super X hollow soft point
Muzzle------ 1760 fps with 1650 ft/lbs of energy
100 yards--- 1362 fps with 988 ft/lbs of energy
With the winchester platinum tip 12 ga slug loads using a 50 cal 400 grn XTP style bullet it looks like this.
Muzzle-----1700 fps with 2566 ft/lbs of energy
100 yards--1420 fps with 1791 ft/lbs of energy
And there are more potent slug offerings than that.
And inline ML's fall somewhere in there as well, some a bit better, some a bit less. Depends on what you have and how you load it. My Remington 700 ML shoots a Precision Rifle lead bullet with a polymer tip that weighs 350 grns. I get around 1650-1700 fps out of it with 100-110 grn of clean shot (pioneer). And that is sort of weak compared to some other loadings. No where near a magnum charge. My bullets have a pretty good BC compared to most ML bullets or slug gun bullets though.
That being said I think a 44 mag in a carbine would be plenty for deer out to 100 yards, and I think it would be easier to shoot and find an accurate load for. Keep in mind these slugs I listed are near 15 bucks for 5 rounds!! And they kick waaaaaay more than a 44 mag.
If they legalize it in Michigan I might seriously consider looking into one. I have always wanted a 44 or .357 mag lever gun. This would be a good reason to get one
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My take on it anyway. Keep in mind I am not considering the oddball loads or hand loading. Just what your average guy would go down to the local guns store and purchase.
Paul