To know this it would take years and years of research at least to know exactly how they have changed. Evolution deals a lot with what makes an organism successful. Like you said we have evolved fairly fast and there are obvious characteristic changes. We have changed so much because we have had to in order to succeed. With our population growing the way it is your average Joe wont cut it in the "corporate" world. Look at the younger generations, they are constantly getting smarter and smarter because of what we know and what we teach them but also because if they dont know a lot compared to others they will not be as successful in life (what our society has molded to mean successful).
Whitetailed deer were probably quite a bit different 200 yrs ago. Say for instince the area of KS that i am from. In the 50's there werent hardly any deer in the area and now there are some world class bucks that roam around all over the place (and guys would pay thousands to harvest deer we have). I have had the priviledge of talking with my grandpa when he was alive about a lot of the wildlife when he grew up. he would always tell me how if you saw a couple deer in a day that was a good day, now if i see a couple of deer a day i think man the deer really arent moving.
I have noticed that in our area (river bottom) a lot of the bucks grow massive brush type antlers that are not really wide. This is because when deer where evolving in our area ,which is really thick and brushy in some areas, they have been more successful (meaning reproductive success) than other bucks. They match their surroundings a lot more and can escape predation easier in thick cover; where as if you goto theprairie area surrounding the river bottomyou will see a lot more bucks that have really wide racks because they live in open terrain and their racks can be seen easier and do not obstruct them when moving through cover (because its open prairie w/fewer trees). So if you step back and look whitetails have come a long way in a short time, keeping in mind the geographic location. I will have my Biologists degree in the spring and have learned a good deal about evolution and behavior, so i can assure you i'm not just pulling stuff out of my rear end. However I am no where near an expert on the subject, but I have come to understand evolution A LOT better in the past couple of years with the higher classes i've taken. If there are any other Bio's who can offer more please do, this is a fascinating topic! And by the way Great post!!