I realize all you guys can quote drop charts and energy charts, that is easy to do, just pick up a book. The 45-70 is like alot of other good cartridges, it's effective range is not limited by it's capabilities, but rather by your capabilities. The meplat diameter is as large as most modern calibers, and the .458 diameter makes a great big hole that is not easily closed back up, just look up ballistic gelatin impressions, you will be impressed. I have several 45-70's. I have shot alot of game with my 45-70's, it is my favorite. The cartridge is easy to reload for, and it is an easy way to get into bullet casting. Buy the 45-70, and a bunch of ammo, and start shooting. Tom.