RE: .45-70 ranges
The old timers could kill buffalo out to 600 yards and beyond with Black Powder lads. They were skilled with the sights available on the old buffalo guns many of which were 45-70 shooting a 500 grain bullet at a blazing 1200 fps. Black powder loads are really the only thing capable of that kind of consistancy. The killing power on elk would be much farther than most modern hunters could hope to hit one. 800 yards at target matches is common.(BLACK POWDER) Its safe to say that the cartridge is more capable than most hunters ability to hit the mark. With a good range adjustable scope and a little practice, 300 yard would be a cake-walk. I can usually keep 3 shots on a paper plate at 200 yards with black powder loads and the Government 500 grain RN Lead bullet. I don't practice much though.