RE: Too many Deer = Wisconsin Enviromental Disaster
Bibliographic References Relevant to the Issue of Deer Impact on Vegetation
1. Abrams, M.D. and G.J. Nowacki. 1992. Historical variation in fire, oak recruitment, and post-logging succession in central Pennsylvania. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 119:19-28.
2. Allison, T.D. 1990. The influence of deer browsing on the reproductive biology of Canada yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh). I. Direct effect on pollen, ovule, and seed
production. Oecologia 83:523-529.
3. Allison, T.D. 1990. The influence of deer browsing on the reproductive biology of Canada yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh) II. Pollen limitation: an indirect effect. Oecologia
83:530-534.
4. Allison, T.D. 1992. The influence of deer browsing on the reproductive biology of Canada yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh) III. Sex expression. Oecologia 89:223-228.
5. Alverson, W.S., D.M. Waller and S.L. Solheim. 1988. Forests too deer: Edge effects in northern Wisconsin. Conserv. Biol. 2:348-358.
6. Anderson, R.C. 1994. Height of white-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) as an index of deer browsing intensity. Ecological Applications 4:104-109.
7. Anderson, R.C. and A.J. Katz. 1993. Recovery of browse-sensitive tree species following release from white-tail deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman browsing pressure. Biol. Conserv. 63:203-208.
8. Anderson, R.C. and O.L. Loucks. 1979. White-tail deer (Odocoileus canadensis) and its influence on the structure and composition of Tsuga canadensis forests. J. of Applied Ecol. 16:855-861.
9. Anderson, Roger C. 1994. Height of white-flowered Trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) as an index of deer browsing intensity. Ecol. Applic. 4(1): 104-109.
10. Atwood, Earl L. 1941. White-tail deer foods of the United States. J. Wildl. Manage. 5(3): 314-332.
11. Augustine, David J. and Lee E. Frelich. 1998. Effects of white-tailed deer on populations of an understory forb in fragmented deciduous forests. Conserv. Biol. 12(5): 995-1004.
12. Balgooyen, Christine P. and Donald M. Waller. 1995. The use of Clintonia borealis and other indicators to gauge impacts of white-tailed deer on plant communities in northern Wisconsin, USA. Nat. Areas J. 15: 308-318.
13. Bierzychudek, Paulette. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs: a review. New Phytol. 90: 757-776.
14. Bowles, G.H. and J.M. Campbell. 1994. Relationship between population density of white-tailed deer and the density of understory trees in forests of Erie County, PA. J. PA Acad. Science 67:109-114.
15. Bratton, S.P. 1979. Impacts of white-tailed deer on the vegetation of Cades Cove, Great Smokey Mountains National Park. Proc. Annual Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies 33:305-312.
16. Bratton, S.P. and E.A. Kramer. 1990. Recovery of live oak sprouts after release from browsing on Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia. Unpublished report, National Park Service, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
17. Brooks, R.T. and W.M. Healy. 1989. Response of small mammal communities to silvicultural treatments in eastern hardwood forests of West Virginia and Massachusetts. Pages 313-318 in: USDA Forest Service Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North America. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166.
18. Campbell, John M. 1993. Effects of grazing by white-tailed deer on a population of Lithospermum caroliniense at Presque Isle. J. PA Acad. Sci. 67(3): 103-108.
19. Casey, D. and D. Hein. 1983. Effects of heavy browsing on a bird community in deciduous forest. J. Wildl. Manage. 47:829-836.
20. Clepper, Henry E. 1931. The deer problem in the forests of Pennsylvania. PA Dept. Forests and Waters, Bull. No. 50, Harrisburg.
21. Clutton-Brock, T.H. and S.D. Albon. 1991. Trial and error in the highlands. Nature 358:11-12.
22. Commissioners of Fairmount Park. 1914. Annual Report, Philadelphia, PA.
23. Crawford, Hewlette S. 1982. Seasonal food selection and digestibility by tame white-tailed deer in central Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 46(4): 974-982.
24. deCalesta, D.S. 1992. Impact of deer density on species diversity of Allegheny hardwood stands. Northeast Forest Experiment Station, Warren, PA (unpublished).
25. deCalesta, David S. and Susan L. Stout. 1997. Relative deer density and sustainability: a conceptual framework for integrating deer management with ecosystem management. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 25(2):252-258.
26. Dessecker, R.D. and R.H. Yahner. 1987. Breeding bird communities associated with Pennsylvania hardwood clearcut stands. Proc. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. 61:170-173.
27. Diamond, J. 1992. Must we shoot deer to save nature? Natural History 8:2-8.
28. Dzemyan, J.P. 1994. Where have all the flowers gone? Pennsylvania Game News 65(5):15-17.
29. Fairweather, S.E. and C.M. Cavanaugh. 1990. Identification, Restoration, and Maintenance of Historic Woodlots at Gettysburg National Military Park. Tech. Rep. NPS/MAR/NRTR-90/049.
30. Forbes, S.E., L.M. Lang, S.A. Liscinsky and H.A. Roberts. 1971. The white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania. Research Bull. No. 170, Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, PA.
31. Frelich, L.E. and C.G. Lorimer. 1985. Current and predicted long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA. Biol. Conserv. 34:99-120.
32. Fronz, L. 1930. Deer damage to forest trees in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Game News 8(12):1-10.
33. Harlow, R.F. and R.L. Downing. 1970. Deer browsing and hardwood regeneration in the southern Appalachians. J. For. 68:298-300.
34. Hassinger, J.D., R.Maurer, and S. Sterner. 1980. The impacts of deer in suburban areas and parks. Unpublished report to the Penn State Ad Hoc Deer Committee.
35. Healy, W.M., R.T. Brooks and P.J. Lyons. 1987. Deer and forests on Boston's municipal watershed after 50 years as a wildlife sanctuary. Pages 3-21 in: D.A. Marquis ed. Proceedings of a Symposium on Deer, Forestry and Agriculture: Interactions and Strategies for Management. Soc. Am. For., Allegheny Chapter, Warren, PA.
36. Hough, A. 1965. A twenty-year record of understory vegetational change in a virgin Pennsylvania forest. Ecology 46:370-373.
37. Johnson, A. Sydney, Philip E. Hale, William M. Ford, James M. Wentworth, Jeffrey R. French, Owen F. Anderson and Gerald B. Pullen. 1995. White-tailed deer foraging in relation to successional stage, overstory type and management of Southern Appalachian forests. A. Midl. Nat. 133: 18-35.
38. Jones, Stephen B., David deCalesta and Shelby E. Chunko. 1993. Whitetails are changing our woodlands. Amer. Forests Nov/Dec.1993: 20-54.
39. Korschgen, Leroy J., Wayne R. Porath and Oliver Torgerson. 1979. Spring and summer foods of deer in the Missouri Ozarks. J. Wildl. Management 44(1): 89-97.
40. Kosack, Joe. 1995. The Pennsylvania Game Commission 1895-1995, 100 Years of Wildlife Conservation. Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, PA.
41. Latham, R.M. 1950. Pennsylvania's deer problem. Pennsylvania Game News Special Issue I.
42. Lutts, R.H. 1992. The trouble with Bambi: Walt Disney's Bambi and the American vision of nature. Forest and Conservation History 36: 160-171.
43. Marquis, D.A. 1974. The impact of deer browsing on Allegheny Hardwood regeneration. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-308. Northeast Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA.
44. Marquis, D.A. and R. Brenneman. 1981. The impact of deer on forest vegetation in Pennsylvania. USDA Forest Service General Tech. Rep. NE-65. Northeast Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA.
45. Martin, Thomas E. 1993. Nest predation among vegetation layers and habitat types: revising the dogmas. Am. Naturalist 141:897-913.
46. McCabe, R.E. and T.H. McCabe. 1984. Of slings and arrows: an historical retrospection. Pages 19-72 in L.M. Halls, ed., White-tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. Stockpile Books, Harrisburg, PA.
47. McCabe, Thomas R. and Richard E. McCabe. 1997. Recounting whitetails past, pp. 11-26 in The Science of Overabundance, Deer Ecology and Population Management, editors: William J.McShea, H. Brian Underwood and John H. Rappole. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
48. McCaffery, Keith R., John Tranetzki and James Piechura. 1974. Summer foods of deer in northern Wisconsin. J. Wildl. Manage. 38(2): 215-219.
49. McShea, William J., H. Brian Underwood and John H. Rappole. 1997. The Science of Overabundance, Deer Ecology and Population Management. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
50. Miller, Scott G., Susan P. Bratton and John Hadidian. 1992. Impacts of white-tailed deer on endangered and threatened vascular plants. Nat. Areas J. 12(2): 67-74.
51. Nixon, C.M. 1992. Forest fragmentation and deer. Illinois Natural Hist. Survey Rep. No. 314, Champaign, IL.
52. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. 1987. Title 25, Chapter 82. Conservation of Pennsylvania native wild plants. PA Bull. 17-5027.
53. Porter, W.F. 1991. White-tailed deer in eastern ecosystems: implications for management and research in national parks. Nat. Res. Rep. NPS/NRSUNY/NRR-91/05, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver, CO.
54. Rhoads, Ann F. 1996. Something is missing. Pennsylvania Game News 67( 8 ):10-13.
55. Rhoads, A.F. and W.M. Klein. 1993. Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania: Annotated Checklist and Atlas. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
56. Rooney, Thomas P. 1997. Escaping herbivory: refuge effects on the morphology and shoot demography of the clonal forest herb Maianthemum canadense. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124(4): 280-285.
57. Rooney, Thomas P. and William J. Dress. 1997. Patterns of plant diversity in overcrowded primary and mature secondary hemlock-northern hardwood forest stands. J. Torrey Botanical Soc. 124(1): 43-51.
58. Rooney, Thomas P. and William J. Dress. 1997. Species loss over sixty-six years in the ground layer vegetation of Heart's Content, an old growth forest in Pennsylvania, PA. Nat. Areas J. 17(4): 297-305.
59. Scott, D.P. and R.H. Yahner. 1989. Winter habitat and browse use by snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, in a marginal habitat in Pennsylvania. Canadian Field-Nat. 103:560-563.
60. Sober, Douglas G. and Peter Barkhouse. 1977. The structure and rate of growth of the rhizomes of some forest herbs and dwarf shrubs of the New Brunswick-Nova Scotia border region. Can. Field-Natural. 91(4): 377-383.
61. Sotala, Dennis J. and Charles M. Kirkpatrick. 1972. Foods of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginicus, in Martin County, Indiana. Am. Midl. Naturalist 89(2): 281-286.
62. Storm, G.L., R.H. Yahner, D.F. Cottam and G.M. Vecellio. 1989. Population status, movements, habitat use, and impact of white-tailed deer at Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site, Pennsylvania. US National Park Service., Final Project Report, University Park, PA.
63. Streamer, Karl A. K. and Robert J. Warren. 1997. Are overabundant deer herds in the eastern United States creating alternate stable states in forest plant communities? Wildlife Soc. Bull. 25(2): 227-234.
64. Stromayer, Karl A. K. and Robert J. Warren. 1997. Are overabundant deer herds in the eastern United States creating alternate stable states in forest plant communities? Wildlife Soc. Bull. 25(2):227-234.
65. Thompson, John N. 1980. Colonization patterns of temperate forest herbs. Am. Midl. Nat. 104: 176-184.
66. Tilghman, N.G. 1989. Impacts of white-tailed deer on forest regeneration in northwestern Pennsylvania. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:524-532.
67. Tucker, S. 1993. The deer question: what to do about the deer population in the Wissahickon. Friends of the Wissahickon Newsletter 2:1-3.
68. Waller, Donald M. and William S. Alverson. 1997. The white-tailed deer: a keystone herbivore. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 25(2):217-227.
69. Warren, R.J. 1991. Ecological justification for controlling deer populations on national park areas. N. Amer. Wildl. and Nat. Resource Conf. 56:56-66.
70. Whigham, Dennis F. 1990. The effect of experimental defoliation on the growth and reproduction of a woodland orchid, Tipularia discolor. Can. J. Bot. 68: 1812-1816.
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