All deer licenses are by drawing only, including resident tags. That doesn't mean you can't hunt, there is another critter in CO. that tags are availale for over the counter in some areas, ELK!! But even these tags are unit specific. No big game tags let you hunt any where and every where in the state, there are units and you buy your tag for the unit that you wish to hunt in.
Depending on which weapon you choose to hunt with, the season may be 5 days long, or upto about 3 months, on and off! Bow season being the longest, some rifle seasons are 5 days long.
To be concidered a resident, I beleive, Don't quote me on this, you need to be able to prove residency for 6 months or longer, UNLESS you are schooling or are in the military.