Wow. There must be some great shots duck shooting these days. I kill them dead to 45-50 yards with 2 3/4 inch #6 Bismuth in a modified choke and rarely have a cripple. Beyond that range I'd have to go to 4's AND a full choke to kill them as dead, and then I'd be at a disadvantage when they were inside 50 yds. as they usually are or ought to be, when you're shooting over decoys. I just don't find many people capable of causing a load of full choke shot to meet up with a flying bird at 60 yds., including me. For geese it's #4 Bismuth, same choke, same yardages, same effectiveness. I'd have to go full choke 2's with the same problems at short range (inside 50yds) to be effective at the longer ranges. Heavishot performs equally as well, but is a much harder alloy and will crack teeth where Bismuth will not. I eat what I kill. I have a few friends shooting steel and they're swept up in this bigger=better stuff, shooting 3's or worse 2's at ducks. They miss a lot of shots over decoys and most of what they hit has to be shot again or worse, wind up lost cripples. If I shot steel, which I don't anymore, over decoys I'd use 3 inch 4's for ducks and 3 inch 2's for geese in a modified barrel. I'd still be at a disadvantage versus the pattern of the 2 3/4 Bismuth 6's and 4's and have a mouth full of cracked teeth (the dental bills would be far mosre costly than the Bismuth), but it's the best you can do with steel. Good news though. My most frequent hunting buddy of 25 years has been buying Bismuth 6's for ducks lately. I think he's finally tired of wounding game.