I'd be surprised if you see barrel or choke damage in a modern sporting arm, but there's really no benefit to shooting anything tighter than a modified for 00 buckshot. In older sporting arms, it wasn't uncommon to hear about bulging barrels or seized (bulged) choke tubes from shooting buckshot that didn't want to fit out of overly tight chokes.

You didn't specify what size of shot, or what restriction of choke

As somebody that shoots a lot of buckshot, what I CAN tell you is that you'll very likely see worse groupings from an overly restrictive choke. Buffered 00buck tends to do 'decent' out of tighter chokes, but no real advantage over a modified. Non-buffered 00 buckshot will usually present gaps in your pattern from 'planing' because the shot can't fit out of the choke cleanly, and it malforms.