NoMercy is correct...this was demonstrated by the FBI back when they first adopted the Smith & Wesson 1006 / 1076...then discovered that real 10mm rounds were a lot to hang onto...thus the 40 S&W...

In the S&W 1006s, the .40 S&W is supported by the extractor and will fire...no idea about accuracy...there did not seem to be any major damage to the 1006s though the extractor did wear faster... Even they realized that this is not a good idea...

No idea about other 10mm (e.g. Glock or Colt Delta Elite / Double Eagle and clones)...I would not suggest trying it, because as discussed, the 10mm was designed to headspace on the mouth...