You have 2 different questions here...

Caliber? I agree with Sheridan, 270 is the ultimate whitetail caliber...I currently use a 270 WSM and a 270 WIN and love them both, but have also use a 308 on many a whitetail hunt. A 270 or 308 will get the job done quite well on all the animals you list...as will a 7MM Mag and 30-06, just with more recoil. The sky is the limit on caliber options honestly, cost, bullet choices and availability are probably of greatest concern, especially if you don't reload.

Rifle options, scan through Sheridan's list, it's a pretty good list. What's your budget? More important to brand, is fit/comfort for you. Before buying anything...go handle several rifles and find the one that fits you best...

In newer rifles? I have a Tikka T3 in 270 WSM that is my primary whitetail rifle that I absolutely love (great adjustable trigger, outstanding accuracy)...my Savage 11 in 7mm-08, equally as good a rifle, very light (5.5 pounds!), accu-trigger and detachable mag, shoots good and handles nicely...I also have a Browning A-Bold Medallion in 25 WSSM that also has an adjustable trigger is nice and light and shoots like a dream....all 3 of these rifles would serve you well, along with many others...again, what feels best in your hands and has the options you want.