I really appreciate the formula info, that is really impressive to discuss the choke constriction in that much depth. The one load that amazes me the most is 3 inch remington 000 buck. It usually patterns better in a I/C choke with most of my 12 gauges. But, I got one old passed down Remington Wingmaster pump 12 gauge with a 30 inch fixed full choke that patterns 3 inch 000 buck better than the rest. It really dont make alot of sence.