RE: Which states require permission?
Indiana requires permission from the landowner, but doesn't specify written. If the landowner calls the cops you'll get a warning the first time, for a second occurence the landowner can have you charged with simple trespass.
My own view is different. If I catch you on my land and don't know you the reason why I should have will be pointed at your midsection and you'll be ******ed off the property with a clear warning to never return. An armed person on my property without my direct invitation will be viewed as a threat to my safety and a test of my state's Castle Doctrine law.