Jordan,
Retaks advice is "spot-on". The main item you need right now it a firearm and the Mossberg you asked about it a great starter gun. Good value for the money. As Retaks says...you don't need the camo right now. Heck, if you just have to have it go to a yard sale around a military base and pick up some BDU's (battle dress uniform) for a dollar. I've used them for years. Anything to break up your outline....but this is mostly just needed for archery hunting and turkey. For deer, most states require some type of blaze orange.
Calls...yet, they can wait. Learn how to truly hunt and use your skills. PATIENCE is the main thing you need to learm. That and being still/quite. You have these two things learned and you WILL have good luck.
Stands...nice to have but I have harvested all of my trophy sized animals from the ground. Learn to use it to your advantage. Hide in brush or pile it up and stay still...watch the wind.
There is not enough time in the day to try and tell you everything. Most of it will come from experience, also there are many good forums to read and books out there to cover any type of hunting you can imagine.

Good Luck,
WW