RE: will the temporarily work?
Im not 100% sure but I would MUCH rather shoot the nock that has been sitting outside for a couple months as it is plastic and will be fine!!
I would not glue the nock in, is there any chance you can get to a shop and buy a new nock if you dont wanna use the old one?
As far as the fletching it will more then likely shoot well enough to get by as long as your bow is tuned well! I can remember the days of starting off w/ no money and going through 3-d shoots with one fletch left on my arrow!! Shot well!!