ORIGINAL: Matt / PA

The quickest kill in my experience is the one that takes out the vessels at the top of the heart, not the heart itself.
Generally this is combined with a double lung hit but what puts the animal down so quickly is the complete removal of blood pressure and blood supply to the head/brain. The heart keeps beating butno oxygen rich bloodcan go to the head and the animal will black out incredible fast.
A straight heart shot deer will generally run even further than a double lung because the blood pressure, blood loss happens at a comparatively slower rate than if you severe the high pressure vessels above the heart.
I actually even think ANY of the high pressure blood vessels might put a deer down quicker than a straight heart shot.....carotid, femoral etc.

That said a perfect solid double lung shot should rarely if EVER allow an animal to make it even 100 yards, and I think the distances vary between 30-40yds and close to a 100yds based soley on whether the animal had a full breath of air just prior to the arrow strike. This would keep the CO2 level down in the blood for a few seconds longer keeping the animal on it's feet a few seconds longer.........if the animal just let out a breath and you center punch the lungs I think the distance traveled will be much shorter.

Quickness of kill (animalexpiredfrom my experience)
1. Top/front of the heart/high pressure vessels combined with the front of thelungs obviously
2. Double lung / other high pressure arterial hit
3. Heart shot
4. Liver, lung
5. Liver
6. Liver Gut
7. Gut

One lung deer conceivably could survive the trauma so I din't rank it and since we're bowhunting, head shots are out and spine shots while requiring no tracking generally aren't an intended target.