From your list I'd have to go with the 30/06. It is not so big as to be ridiculous for smaller game (with the right load and sight in) and is certaily efective for failry large game, again with the right load.
Of course if I had more than one rifle I'd have better picks for prairie dogs and elephant, but for a wide range of effectiveness big to small the 30/06 is the standout from your list.