linkppn, glad to see new recruits in the wonderful world of hunting. And I especially like it when a newcomer is hungry for information and asks lots of questions.

As others have said, get out there and observe what the wildlife in general is doing when not disturbed. You may not deer hunt this year, but any knowledge of behavior you gain this year will be invaluable in the future.

Since you're not allowed rifles and black powder seems to be not what you want to use, I'd say a 12 gauge shotgun is the best option; you can use a 16 gauge if you like, but I found a 12 to be just fine when I was your age. Consult your regulations to see whether you can use a slug or must stick to shot, whether you can use a rifled barrel, and so on. Once you settle on a specific gun and obtain one, practice is of prime importance to become comfortable with it and really know the limitations.

For deer anatomy, check the following link. A heart/lung shot is usually the best option by far, whether it be with archery tackle or firearm.
http://www.angelfire.com/bc/canuck2/anatomy.html

Prompt field dressing is very important and, while it may seem difficult, it's not that bad. Just don't shoot something too far back. If you get the odd squirrel, for example, this year, that will be a great learning experience. The innards of a squirrel are pretty much like those of a deer - just a tad smaller. Take a look here:
http://www.angelfire.com/bc/canuck2/gutting.html

Best of luck on your new adventures.

And ditto what AF Hunter said.