The Pennsylvania whitetail is scientifically named Odocoileus virginianus borealis, from the Greek roots. The genus name, Odocoileus, means "hollow tooth", in reference to the depressions in the crowns of the molars. The species named virginianus is derived from fossils found in caves in Virginia. Hence the name (once more commonly used) Virginia whitetail.

All whitetails in North and Central America share the scientific name but scientists have further classified them into subspecies, 30 of which range from southern Canada, through most of the US and into Mexico and Central America. Here, and in much of the Northeast the borealis subspecies was originally found. It is considered the largest of the subspecies.

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