In most instances if there is damage it will be evident immediately. Strings and or control cables are usually the first to let go on a dry fire. When either of these fails, the possibility of damage to limbs or cams increases. You stated that you have shot the bow since the mistake. Has the impact point changed on the target? If you are a right hand shooter keep an eye out on group changes that are high right. This is the first sign of strands of the string starting to let go. Fewer strands will increase arrow speed and decrease arrow spine resulting in a high right impact on target. Many times the strands that are damaged are under the center serving and will not visible. It sounds like you were lucky this time, but I would have the bow thoroughly checked out by a pro shop just for peace of mind.