RE: Good long-range deer calibers.
To tell you the honest truth I didn't realize that doe was 512 yards when I squeezed the trigger. We were hunting in the sandhills in Nebraksa and the rancher wanted us to fill our doe tags, so I decided to shoot my mulie doe on the run (looked to be 300 yards), but there was a pretty good downhill slope, and a few hills in the way. After the shot when we were walking to the deer, we are like this is alot further than 300 yards, so when we got to where the deer was we lasered it with 2 different laser range finders and came up with an average of 512 yards.
If it was me looking for a gun like you are now, I would opt for the 7mm Rem Mag, especially if you plan on hunting larger game down the line or a 300 Win Mag. I'd stay away from the 30-06 just because there are better options, like the first two I mentioned[:'(]
A better question would be, what is your price range? You want to have enough money after rifle purchase to put on a set of quality optics for making those longer shots.
With "most" factory 7mm ammo, you can sight in 3" high at 100 yardsand hold dead on to 280-300 yards.