RE: whitetail deer and black bear caliber
Don't know where you will be hunting or your range limitations. But if your shots would be less than 100 yds. you have tons of options. What actions do you like. I would tell you to get something that delivers a minimum of 1200 ftlb of energy at your maximum range.
If your limited to commercial ammo or on a tight budget, you can't go wrong with the good old .30-06 and you can usually pick a good used one up at just about any gun shop.