I bowfish at least 2 to 3 times per week. But alot of the questions you have asked I cannot answer. I live in Southwest FL. and we do not have Carp down here. I fish for Talapia and a select few saltwater species that are permitted by law.
1. and 2. A regular deer hunting bow will work but you may want to drop the poundage depending on what you shoot, I like about 40 - 45# for bowfishing (after you try it and become hooked like everyone else buy a bow just for bowfishing my preference is a recurve).
3. Anywhere there is fish is a good place, but keep in mind deeper water is harder to bowfish, flats and shores are best. I am assuming you will fish out of a boat.
4. I believe most states would require a fishing liscence for this (check your state regulations for fishing) it will outline it for you. Bowfishing falls under gigging or spearing in my state.
5. I have seen corn used to bait Carp but unsure of how to lure them, you have to search for them.
6. The string is attached to the reel system that you use whether it be the self winding, closed bail standard reel, or the Retriever Reel.
7. I do not use any floats on my rigs. I recommend using an arrow with a slide (much safer).
8. And different people do different things with the Carp some eat it (it acctually quit good) and some give it away to others who ask for it, soely depends on you!

Welcome to the bowfishing world and good luck. It is addicting!!!!!