Theres more to a hole in an animal than just the size of the bullet. Bullets leave a wake in there path called wound channels, these are usually asociated with energy but velocity plays a part too. Thats why some super high velocity small bullets leave bigger wound channels than a slower moving bigger bullet. Like say a 22-250 compared to a .45.
If some of your theory's were correct (which there not) a .45 acp would be better than a 30-30. A .45 diameter compared to .308, 240gr compared to 150. But the fact is the 30-30 has more velocity and energy making it the better choice, also leaving bigger wound channels.
The fact is the faster smaller bullet with more energy leaves more destruction to tissue. And yes a pass through is always better (well most of the time) A 22lr going through a deer would not leave the destruction say a 270 not going through, but yes a pass through equalls more of a wound channel and more bleeding, 1 1/2 lungs is not better than a full pass through on both lungs, (depending on which calibers were comparing of course). Also a 30-30 at 200 yds with only 1600fps and 850 ft lbs will probably not mushroom very much, if at all. So say the diameter of .308 not mushroomed will be smaller than a .24 at full mushroom, flying in at 2500 fps it will leave a bigger wound channel, specially with a pass through veres not.
Also the pass through I was mentioning earlier was in reference to someone saying that the .243 bullet doesnt hold together, thats bull because it does, pass throughs verify this.

Shoot a man in the gut with a .45. 10 bucks says he'll make it to a hospital to have the bullet removed and live another day to tell about it. Shoot the same man in the gut with a 22-250 and he'll die pretty much instantly , no bullet to remove because it has taken his gut and pushed them out through his spine.
Comprende ?

Wound channel=energy=velocity.
Energy is derived from velocity.
Just because you have a bigger bullet doesnt mean more wound channel, you have to push that bullet faster. Like say a 30-06 compared to a .243. The '06 has a 150gr bullet traveling the same speed as the 100 gr .243, in this case the 150 gr has more energy'= bigger wound channel
Now compare that same 150 gr in a 300 mag to a 30-06, more velocity, same gr. but now has more energy= even bigger wound channel
Comprende ?