One of the few positive effects of 9/11 has been renewed American interest
in Islam and the Middle East. Unfortunately, much of the information
disseminated in the media about those topics is ignorant and misleading.
This is unfortunate because any hope that the predominantly-Christian West
and the Muslim world might transcend conflict requires that the former be
accurately informed about the latter (and vice-versa, but that's an issue
for another column). There are in particular seven myths about Islam and
Islamic history that have been repeated so often in the media that they've
achieved conventional wisdom status.
First, it is untrue that Islam is the world's fastest-growing religion.
(Mormonism and Scientology also claim this, but few outside of Salt Lake
City and Hollywood believe it.) As Philip Jenkins of Penn State University
demonstrates in his work Christianity-in particular Pentecostalism-is the
world's most-rapidly growing faith. Currently there are 2 billion Christians
and 1.3 billion Muslims (out of a world population of 6 billion), and in the
21st century Christianity will maintain its lead, thanks to explosive growth
in sub-Saharan Africa and China.
Second, despite the claims of even President Bush in a number of public
statements, Islam is not solely a "religion of peace." Yes, there are verses
of toleration in the Qur'an: Sura(chapter) al-Baqarah:256 says "there shall
be no compulsion in religion;" Sura al-Furqan:65ff says that Allah will be
merciful to those who repent and do good works; and Sura al-Nisa':19ff
enjoins Muslim men to provide financially for wives and ex-wives. But verses
such as these are arguably outweighed by others: Sura Anfal:12ff and Sura
Muhammad:3ff command the beheading of unbelievers; Sura al-Nisa':34ff allows for beating of one's wives and in verses 74ff and 94ff, promises great
reward for those who die fighting for Allah; Sura al-Ma'idah:51 says
"Believers, take neither Jews nor Christians for your friends." Of course
there are violent sections in the Bible-or at least in the Hebrew
Scriptures/Old Testament (Joshua and David were military leaders as much as religious ones). But no one denies that, as many-both Muslim and
non-Muslim-deny these violent and misogynistic passages in the Qur'an. Many arguments can be made against such verses (they must be contextualized, they are applicable only to that time, they are metaphorical, etc.) but one cannot say they do not exist. Someone who simply rehashs that "the Qur'an teaches peace" obviously hasn't read it. No doubt most Muslims do not read the passages about decapitation as a blueprint for today. But just as some Christians take literally, for example, the command of Jesus to handle poisonous snakes (Luke 10:19), some Muslims take literally the injunction to behead unbelievers. And the latter practice is a bit more injurious to other folks than the former.
Third on the misinformation parade is the allegation that jihad does not
mean holy war. This falsehood crops up often in text books and in the media,
where the politically-correct tirelessly repeat that jihad actually means
only "striving to be a good Muslim." This is half-right. But early on in
Islamic history, jihad came to mean fighting against unbelievers in order to
expand the territory under Muslim rule. al-Bukhari lived in the 9th century
CE and was the most authoritative compiler of sayings attributed to the
prophet Muhammad; he mentions jihad many times as meaning "holy war." Jihad as "Muslim piety" is mainly the province of the Sufis, the mystics of Islam, and has become a minority view today. Furthermore, Islamic history is
chock-full of leaders declaring jihads against their enemies-even the
moderately Muslim Ottoman Empire declared a holy war against the French,
British and Russians in World War I!
Fourth is the whopper that Islam spread peacefully from Arabia, as if the
followers of Muhammad went door-to-door ringing doorbells and handing out
brochures. From the mid-7th century CE Muslims militarily overran regions
and then pressured the conquered to convert. (Yes, Christian kingdoms did
the same-but, again, no one denies that!) Muslim Arab armies destroyed the
entire Persian Empire (modern Iran), replacing its official Zoroastrian
religion; about the same time they invaded the surviving Christian Roman
(Byzantine) Empire and within a few decades had taken half its territory. In
732 CE a Muslim army from Morocco was in France! By 750 CE Muslims ruled from the Iberian Peninula to India. And Muslim armies would stay on the offensive for the next millennium, with only two exceptions: the
"Reconquista" in Iberia and the Crusades.
The fifth tiresome myth is that the European Catholic Crusaders started the
war with Islam and that for eight centuries Muslims have been brooding over
the horrible injustices thereof. Actually, the Crusades, 1095-1291, were
simply the first time that European Christians managed to take the fight to
their enemy's territory. And besides: why are the Crusades being constantly
used as a club with which to beat the West-remember the scathing attacks on President Bush when, not long after 9/11, he referred to a "crusade" against terrorism?-when the Muslims won? Usama bin Ladin's constant references to Americans as "Crusaders" is thus a perfect marriage of historical illiteracy with keen psychological insight into his enemy's self-hate.
Another fairy tale about Islam is that poverty produces terrorists. This
hoary myth tells us more about the worldview of its American adherents than
it does about the ranks of the Islamists. Most of the 9/11 and London
bombers were university-educated and at least middle-class. The same is true for Palestinian suicide bombers and most likely those in Iraq. Naive
Americans take their domestic paradigm about poverty and crime-that the
former causes the latter-and apply it to a context where it doesn't fit.
Regarding the recent London bombings, a British terrorism expert said that
"socioeconomic background does not appear to [have] play[ed] a role."
Poverty may be necessary, but it is hardly sufficient, to explain Islamic
terrorism.
And finally, we have politically-correct mendacity number seven, which even
British Prime Minister Tony Blair recently repeated: that Islam has been
"hijacked" by terrorists. In this view Bin Ladin, the ayatollahs in Iran,
the former Taliban rulers of Afghanistan, the Saudis with their Wahhabism (a
particularly puritanical brand of Sunni Islam)-all are twisting a "moderate"
religion to suit their purpose. The "Islam = peace" brigade essentializes
Islam as peaceful. UBL essentializes it as jihad. Although there are Qur'an
verses, and sayings of Muhammad, on both sides, many do support Bin Ladin and his ilk. Also, Islamic history is replete with Muslim scholars whom the modern Islamic fundamentalists draw upon. The most famous is Ibn Taymiyah who, 700 years before George Bush said "you're either for us or against us," divided the world into the domain of Islam and that of war. The only good ruler is a Muslim ruler, asserted Ibn Taymiyah. And by that he meant one that enforces shari`ah, or Islamic law. Most Muslims do not agree, but some do. (And only 10 percent of 1.3 billion is 130 million.) But it is no use pretending that the UBLs of the world have falsely "hijacked" Islam. Indeed, their view of the faith-however intolerant and violent it may seem-has a basis in Islamic theology and history.
Islam is where Christianity was before the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) and
then the Enlightenment led the West to divorce religion and state, thereby
removing (mostly) the threat of religious-based warfare. As a fellow
monotheist with Muslims, I pray that the moderate strands within Islam win
out over the more fundamentalist ones, allowing that civilization to follow
suit. And for we in the West to help with that, we need to open our eyes to
the reality of the harsher aspects of Islam and Islamic history. Anything
else is simple-and dangerous-self-deception.
Mr. Furnish, Ph.D (Islamic History), is Assistant Professor, History,
Georgia Perimeter College, Dunwoody, GA 30338. Mr. Furnish is the author of Holiest Wars: Islamic Mahdis, their Jihads and Osama bin Laden (Praeger, 2005).
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"Blessed is He who Comes in The Name of The Lord"
I did a study on the crusades and found out the same Alex--and realized how silly I was to wait so long to find out for myself. Also, let me add that what the misguided crusaders did was in direct contradiction to the teachings of Christ , while when a terrorists carries out his attacks on the innocent , he is being directed by Islam to do so indiscriminately.
Make no mistake, the muslims that say they don't believe in destroying those who do not convert are either lying or ignorant of their own religion. I don't agree with those that claimthe moderate muslims would calm the region keep western societies safe. Their teachings provide for them winning either way in the end. And by end, I mean all out war with only one surviving victor. The current "radical muslim" is just trying to speed up the process. I also don't believe there is such a thing as "radical" or "moderate" muslims. A muslim is a muslim. Period. I'm not racist. I have many Middle Eastern friends who have converted or were born into Christian religions. No problem. Unless muslims destroy their teachings and rewrite it to be completely tolorant of others, then they are my enemy. I have not made them this. They have declared it.
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While you rest, someone, somewhere, is training. When you meet, you will lose.
please tell me what history books you found your info on the crusades. because no research i have done shows where europe was ever directly attacked in force by a middle eastern or muslim country. i would like the information. i ask this not because i disagree with you at all, i just want to know
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please tell me what history books you found your info on the crusades. because no research i have done shows where europe was ever directly attacked in force by a middle eastern or muslim country. i would like the information. i ask this not because i disagree with you at all, i just want to know
It has never been stated that they attacked as a country or nation perse. The crusade were an ill fated , and misguided defensive front on the spread of Islam by the sword. If yuor sources don't indicate this , then use some of those listed in Alex's article. It is an irrefutable fact that Orthodox Islam has been and stiil is a religion that directs its followers to either convert or kill those that won't be. Look at what is happening in North Africa now, not ages ago.Look at the instance of Van Gogh being brutally murdered in Holland for simply writing an article questioning the role of women in Islam. Just a few months ago, a couple in Wisconsin was contacting Muslims via the internet to attempt to convert themto Christ, as they had been. They were tracke d down and all killed for this. It is the same as it has always been. I'm not saying this to incite anything, but simply to put the facts on the table.
please tell me what history books you found your info on the crusades. because no research i have done shows where europe was ever directly attacked in force by a middle eastern or muslim country. i would like the information. i ask this not because i disagree with you at all, i just want to know
You mean you have not read the History of The Caliphas ?
Who were the Moors ?(Moros) That ruled spain for 800 years ?
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"Blessed is He who Comes in The Name of The Lord"
AS YOU HAVE ALL FOUND OUT USUALLY WHEN I POST SOMETHING IS BECAUSE IAM WELL DOCUMENTED IN SCRIPTURES AND HISTORY.
HERE ARE HISTORICAL FACTS ON MUSLIMS INVASION OF EUROPE.
[align=center]MARCH OF THE TITANS -[/align][align=center]A HISTORY OF THE WHITE RACE[/align][align=center]Chapter 23: The Third Great Race War - The Moors Invade Europe[/align]The invasion of Western Europe by a non-White Muslim army after 711 AD, very nearly extinguished modern White Europe - certainly the threat was no less serious than the Hunnish invasion which had earlier created so much chaos. While the Huns were Asiatics, the Moors were a mixed race invasion - part Arabic, part Black and part mixed race, always easily distinguishable from the Visigothic Whites of Spain.
Although the Muslim armies were collectively known as the Moors or Saracens, they were in fact divided up into their own factions. Nonetheless, together they very nearly conquered all of Spain, and were only turned back from occupying all of Western Europe by a desperate White counter attack in France. The story of this seven hundred year long race war is without doubt one of the most arduous ever fought by the Whites in defense of their continent.
By 709 AD, the Muslim armies had conquered all of Northern Africa and stood on the southern side of the Straits of Gibraltar, with only the Visigothic fortress of Ceuta, situated on the African side of the straits of Gibraltar, still remaining in White hands.
[align=center][/align][align=center]Above: The Muslims driven out of Spain: the black portions indicate the extent of non-White Moorish rule.[/i][/align]WHITE SPAIN INVADED
In 711 AD, Ceuta fell to the Moors and immediately a Moorish fleet sailed across the strait and seized a beachhead on Andalusia in Spain, their first territory on the European mainland.
The Spanish Gothic king of the time, Roderic, rushed an army south and engaged the Moors in a three day battle at Xeres. The Moors won, and the Gothic Spaniards were forced to retreat, giving the Moors time to land a seemingly inexhaustible supply of soldiers from the population wells of North Africa.
Soon the Moors had assembled a massive army and within a few months had conquered most of Gothic Spain. THE TRIBUTE OF 100 WHITE VIRGINS PER YEAR
Only isolated pockets of Gothic resistance held out. In the north an enclave only secured its existence by being forced to enter a treaty with the Moors in terms of which the Goths had to hand over 100 White Gothic virgins a year to the Moorish leaders for use in their harems - a painful tribute which continued until 791 AD, when the Goths once enough became strong enough to break the terms of the treaty.
[align=center][/align][align=center]Above: A dramatic painting - based on actual events - showing Moors celebrating the fall of a White Spanish town, with White females captured alive. For several years the Moors demanded - and received - a yearly tribute of young White girls for use in their harems after the great Moorish victory of 711. This yearly tribute continued until 791 AD when the Whites had recovered their strength enough to break the terms of a treaty with the non-Whites.[/i][/align]THE MOORS ATTACK FRANCE
The Moors did however not rest with the conquest of Spain. Their Holy War, or Jihad, forced them ever on, and in 722, they crossed the Pyrenees and invaded Gothic Gaul (France), seizing several towns in the south of that country.
Ten years later, in 732, they launched what was to be their final bid to overcome all of Western Europe when a massive army under the command of the Moorish governor of Spain, Abd arRahman, began laying waste to large parts of Frankish and Gothic France.
The Goths in Aquitaine, under their leader Eudes, were defeated at Garonne, and they were forced back into central France, carrying with them news of the frightful and merciless Moorish invasion. CHARLES MARTEL SAVES EUROPE - 732 AD
France had, since the fall of the Roman Empire, been consolidated under a leading Celtic/Indo-European tribe called the Franks, who were based in the region surrounding present day Paris. The Frankish king at the time of the Moorish invasion, Charles Martel, (Charles the Hammer) immediately mobilized a White counter attack.
The armies of Charles Martel and Abd arRahman met in battle between the towns of Tours and Potiers in Central France in October 732. The battle was one of the most momentous in the history of the White race. Defeat would have meant that all of Western Europe might have fallen under the sway of Islam, and the mixed races from the East would have poured into continental Europe.
[align=left]Left: The non-White Moorish advance into Europe seemed unstoppable when in 732 AD they launched a massive invasion of present day France. The king of the leading White tribe in that country, Charles Martel of the Franks (who had their headquarters in present day Paris) mobilized a counter attack. A great race battle took place between the towns of Tours and Potiers in central France in October 732 AD. The battle was one of the most momentous in the history of the White race. Defeat would have meant that all of Western Europe might have fallen under the sway of Islam, and the mixed races from the East would have poured into continental Europe. Accounts have it that 375,000 Moors were killed - the White army was utterly victorious over the non-White army and the Moorish invasion of Europe was halted in its tracks. Charles Martel earned his name -Martel means 'hammer' - at this battle - he personally bludgeoned to death a large number of non-Whites with his favorite weapon, a mighty hammer.[/i][/align]An epic seven day battle for Europe followed. One medieval account states that 375,000 Moors were killed. Although this is probably an exaggeration, it does indicate the way the battle went - the non-White army was utterly defeated by the White army.
In the first six days of the battle, the archers and cavalry of the Moors seemed to have the advantage, but on the seventh day, the main body of fighting closed to hand to hand combat. Here the greater physical stature of the Germanics counted for more - with the Frankish King Charles earning the name "hammer" at this battle in recognition of the mighty and fatal strokes with which he personally killed dozens, if not hundreds, of Moors.
Having failed to break the Germanic lines in the hand to hand combat, the Moorish alliance retreated, and their multi-racial and ethnic origin showed up its weakest point - the units, comprising men made up from Arabia, Africa, and parts of Asia, were stunned by their first major defeat and broke up in disarray, each blaming the other, giving victory to the Germanics who never actually pierced the Moorish lines.
The Moors fled south of the Pyrenees back into Spain, and awaited the Frankish drive south which would drive them back into Africa.
This did not come - Charles Martel had exhausted the wealth of the Frankish empire in drawing together an army big enough to defeat the Moors. He was forced to seize a portion of the Church's wealth, an act for which the Christians condemned him strongly, even though if he had failed, Christianity would have been replaced by Islam.
Charles Martel's greatest achievement was the defeat of the Muslim invasion of France. This single act prevented the mixed race Arabs and North Africans from penetrating right into Western Europe and turning it into another Middle East - Charles Martel can truly be credited with saving the Whites of Western Europe from destruction at that point in history. FURTHER FRANKISH CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE MOORS
In 755, a local invasion by Franks conquered the town of Narbonne from the Moors, and after a further six years the last Moors were driven out of all of modern France.
In 778, Charles the Great (also known as Charlemagne, Charles Martel's grandson), undertook a campaign in Northern Spain which recaptured much of the territory north of the Ebo river.
It was during the withdrawal of the Frankish army at the successful conclusion of this campaign that a rear guard unit of Franks under the command of Charlemagne's nephew, Roland, was ambushed and slaughtered by the Basques (who opposed the Arabs, Goths and Franks with equal vigor).
The desperate fight to the death became part of French folklore, today reflected in the famous Chanson de Roland - the Song of Roland. THE WHITE RECONQUEST
During the period of Muslim dominance in Spain, a few regions managed to hold out against the Arabs even at their height. In this way Barcelona was never occupied by the Arabs, as were some northern regions.
These regions banded together in a broad anti-Muslim alliance, and began pushing south, slowly but surely driving the Muslims back.
This was a painfully slow process and lasted many hundreds of years - more than enough time for a certain amount of mixing between parts of the White population and the Arab rulers to have taken place, helping to create the "dark" Spanish look which can be seen amongst many inhabitants of Spain today.
This mixing process in Spain was, as in Greece and Rome, not as complete as in the regions of North Africa or the Middle East, and large numbers of Whites remained intact on the European side of the Mediterranean.
However, enough Arabic blood was mixed with the locals in the southernmost parts of Europe that the distinctive dark look, which is today mistakenly called the "Mediterranean" look, is the lasting evidence of the Muslim invasion. ISABELLA AND FERDINAND - VANQUISHED THE MOORS
The White reconquest of Spain had however only been carried on in fits and starts. In a great battle fought on the plains of Toledo in July 1212, the non-Whites were defeated by a great White army, and the Moors were then restricted to the southern parts of Spain. The north was given time to recuperate and rebuild its strength.
It was only with the rise of two great leaders - the red-haired Isabella I (1451-1504), Queen of Castile, and Ferdinand V, King of Aragon, that the Moors were finally driven from Europe. Castile was one of the territories never occupied by the Moors, and Aragon had been liberated in one of the localized wars between the Visigoths and the Moors.
Isabella, who won renown for not only liberating Spain from the last of the Moors, but for being one of the main sponsors of the voyages of discoveries of Christopher Columbus, was the product of a marriage between Spanish and Portuguese nobility who had, along with a substantial amount of Spaniards, avoided the mixing caused by centuries of Moorish rule. In 1469, Isabella married Ferdinand - due to intertwining royal family connections and personal conquest, he was not only King of Aragon, but also was king of Sicily (1468-1516); and king of Naples (1504-1516).
[align=center][/i][/align]
[align=center]Above: [/i]The great White King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, who drove the non-White Muslims out of Spain, expelled the Jews and started the exploration of America by financing Christopher Columbus - all in the same year, 1492.[/i][/align]When Isabella's brother died, she and her husband jointly succeeded (1474) to the throne of Castile. This union of the two main Spanish kingdoms laid the foundation of Spain's future greatness. Isabella became Queen of Castile when she was 23 years old. No sooner had she become queen when her kingdom was invaded by Alfonso V, King of Portugal, who was hoping to capitalize upon the weakness of the Spaniards in the confusion following the Moorish invasion. Castile was very nearly overrun, and it was only with a near superhuman effort that Isabella and Ferdinand were able to raise a strong enough army to defeat Alfonso in 1475. With the Portuguese threat settled, Isabella and Ferdinand then turned their attention to their real enemy - the Moors. THE MOORS RENEW THEIR ATTACK UPON EUROPE
In the interim, the Muslims were renewing their assault on Europe. In 1479, Mohammed II, the Grand Turk, attacked the Island of Rhodes off Greece, only being repulsed by a White invasion under the Knights of St. John in 1480. THE HILL OF MARTYRS - ITALY INVADED
Undeterred, Mohammed II then invaded Italy itself, seizing the city of Otranto in the Kingdom of Naples. Of the 22,000 inhabitants the Muslims captured, 12,000 were bound with ropes and tortured to death outside the city walls. The Muslims also killed all the Christian priests they could find. On a hill outside the city, known to this day as Martyr's Hill, they killed many captives who refused to convert to Islam. THE TEN YEARS WAR - ISABELLA SELLS HER JEWELRY
It was not long before the Muslims renewed their assault on Spain. On 25 December 1482, the Muslims from Granada seized the town of Zahara, only 15 miles from Seville. The Ten Years War had started.
Isabella and Ferdinand then used a substantial amount of the money and riches they had confiscated from Spain's Jewish population (many of whom had become falsely converted to Christianity in order to avoid rising anti-Jewish feeling resulting from the Moorish occupation) and bought large quantities of new cannons and weapons from France, Germany and Northern Italy.
Even this was not enough, and finally Isabella sold all her own royal and personal gold, silver, pearls and jewels, to raise money for the liberation of her country from the non-Whites.
Supported by the new armaments obtained from elsewhere in Europe, Isabella and Ferdinand waged a demanding and extremely costly - in terms of lives and material - war to drive the Moors out of Europe for once and for all. THE WHITE RECONQUEST STARTS
The reconquest of Spain from the Moors started with the seizure of Alhama in 1482, here described by an eyewitness, the Castilian Diego of Valera: "While Count Rodrigo Ponce of Leon, Marquis of Cadiz, was in Marchena, several leaders came to him and they said that , if the Marquis wanted, they could tell him of a way in which the city of Alhama could be taken without any risk. . . .this was because the Moors took their safety for granted, as their city was so strong and situated so deep within their kingdom, on top of a high summit, completely surrounded by a river and accessible only by a single route up a very rough and steep hill. "Before dawn, on Tuesday 10 February 1482, the Marquis' troops arrived outside the city of Alhama, Those who carried the scaling equipment quietly set it up. "They were not seen until they were well inside the city. As daylight was breaking, a commotion arose and the Christians who lived in the city, as well as the other inhabitants, came running. "When the Moors heard this . . .they gathered in the square and divided up among the men all the places from which they could best defend their walls. The Marquis of Cadiz and the other knights entered the city through the back gate on order to force the Moors to come out to fight. "As the street was very narrow it did not allow for more than two men abreast to go through the gate, while the square where the Moors stood was very wide. So when the Marquis' men entered the square the Moors killed them as they came in two by two, and began to shoot so many cannon and arrows and stones that no one else dared to enter through the narrow street. "Although the Christians received many blows in the narrow alleyways, they finally, by the grace of our Lord, drove the Moors fleeing from the square down towards the gates to Granada: there stood a mosque, very secure, where the Moors were surrounded: many were left dead or wounded. "Then the Marquis of Cadiz ordered that the city gates be opened; his men entered killing and taking prisoner any enemies they found. They took many Moors . . . one soldier took thirty heads . . . "The Moors stayed in the Mosque all day on Wednesday, defending it bravely. They were still there on Thursday, so the Marquis ordered his men to set fire to it. So many Moors were hurt that finally out of fear they told the Marquis that they would do as he wished; the Marquis then divided them up amongst his knights (as prisoners). "On the morning of the following day, 13 February 1482, the Muslim king of Grenada, Abul Hassan, arrived near Alhama with a powerful army, seven thousand on horseback and one hundred thousand on foot and surrounded the city. The siege lasted several days, and since it took place during Lent, the Christians ate nothing but boiled wheat, chick-peas and beans. When the Moors saw that the Christians were not weakening, they worked to redirect the water supply away from the city; a few times the Marquis waded into the water up to his knees to cut down and burn the barricades the Moors had set up. When the Moors saw the great effort of the Christians to defend the city, they decided to break camp (giving the marquis the city)."
Between 1483 and 1486, the Spanish drove the Moors out of the western half of the kingdom of Granada. With the capture of the city of Malaga in 1487, followed in quick succession by the fall of the towns of Baza, Almeria and Gaudix in campaigns during 1488 to 1489, the White noose tightened round the last non-White stronghold - the citadel of Grenada.
7 Myths About Islam
[/align][align=center]Above: The Muslims driven out of Spain: the black portions indicate the extent of non-White Moorish rule.[/i][/align]WHITE SPAIN INVADED
[/align][align=center]Above: A dramatic painting - based on actual events - showing Moors celebrating the fall of a White Spanish town, with White females captured alive. For several years the Moors demanded - and received - a yearly tribute of young White girls for use in their harems after the great Moorish victory of 711. This yearly tribute continued until 791 AD when the Whites had recovered their strength enough to break the terms of a treaty with the non-Whites.[/i][/align]THE MOORS ATTACK FRANCE
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