jdircksen, the the differnces between a long action, and short action, is the short action guns use shorter cartridges, which means shorter bolts, shorter receivers or "actions," slightly less weight, and a little more stiffeness. Short action guns, in most cases, at least theoretically are more accurate. Also, they are faster cycling, because of their shorter length! Most short action cartriges are based on the .308 Winchester, and most long actions have the 30.06 for their daddy!
So thats about the long and short of it!



Ihope that helps!